The identification of the nature and effective elements on the United States’ Middle East Diplomacy towards Iran is one of the strategic researches in the field of foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The article investigates the role of Congress in US foreign policy during eight-year Barack Obama Administration. It was inspired by the neoconservative political thoughts in the United States as well as coincided with neo-cons efforts to influence the US’ s Congress. Moreover, since 2009 the US Congress towards Iran gradually takes an aggressive and interventionist Diplomacy. Meanwhile, the United States Congress introduced approximately 100 sanctions bills against Iran during the 111th-114th Congresses (from Jan. 2009-Jan. 2017). Due to the increasing influence of the Congress senior law-makers over neo-conservatism, the foreign policy of the US Congress towards Islamic Republic of Iran has been gradually moved to pre-emptive, aggressive and interventionist Diplomacy during the 8-year Barack Obama's presidency. This research aims to examine mechanisms of the US parliamentary Diplomacy as well as causes and consequences of changing the US Congress approach into the pre-emptive Diplomacy by using an analytical-descriptive method for data collection based on library information and documentation.

The importance of Quran’s Legislative miracle (E’jaz-e Tashrii) can be estimated from its widespread presence in and influence on human society. With the ever-increasing development of sciences, the investigation and explanation of Quran’s Legislative miracle is considered a necessity. Despite the fact that an extensive literature has developed around the miracle of Quran, very few studies have been conducted on Quran’s Legislative miracle. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the subject, the present article intends to survey the ways through which Quran’s Legislative miracle can be proved. First, Quran’s legislations are of ultra-terrestrial and miraculous nature. Second, Quran’s legislations are not influenced by the Old Testament but are rather superior to those of the Old Testament.Finally, Quran’s legislations are free of the caveats of ordinary legislations. The fact that these legislations were spelled out by Prophet Muhammad who was illiterate is clear evidence for the miraculous nature of Quran.

The new public Diplomacy is a state centered program that its aim is disseminating information or affecting public opinion of other countries. In this regard powerful countries by propagating and disseminating their ideology, values and norms want to send their message and culture to the world and gain superiority over others. The powerful countries will further their objectives by the help of media. They propagate their views through media, political propaganda, covering news and events and forming public opinion in favor of their own country. The present article by a descriptive-analytical method wants to answer this question how public Diplomacy by the help of media Diplomacy increases its influencing power? It seems that increasing power of media Diplomacy have prepared the necessary ground for influencing foreign policy and Diplomacy. The authors are of the view that media Diplomacy is the most important part of the new public Diplomacy in 21st century. The paper also deals with the way media by shaping public opinion influence the process of foreign policy decision making.

Lawmaking is the most important procedure which other judicial or executive procedures are influenced by it so the importance of all its processes are increased. Legislation is one of the components of the Legislative process which itself can be made based on different factors. A review of the Legislative process in different countries suggests that in a general classification, the law-making structure can be classified based on the concentration ratio or diffusion degree in lawmaking as well as the quality of interaction between the lawmakers or legislators and experts as well as the public, into three categories: centralized, consensus-based and diffused. During centralized law-making process, policy is formed within the framework of the executive branch as well as through some central coordinated mechanism. In the consensus-based process, both the executive and Legislative branches have necessary human resources to transform policies into laws. Diffused law-making is characterized by the adoption as well as orientation of policies not only in the executive and Legislative branches but also beyond the government system. According to this categorization, the legal system in the Islamic Republic of Iran is diffused, and despite the structural and normative shortcomings in this area, the elaboration of an appropriate model for law drafting has not been considered by the relevant academic communities or related governance associations. By examining different patterns of law-drafting, the establishment of a consensus-based law-drafting system can be considered as a favorable option for the Iranian law-making.

In the last century, football has become a major player in cultural, social, economic and, more importantly, political and international exchanges. As this sport affects beliefs, attitudes and practices, and as one of the factors contributing to the formation of internal and external policies and relationships, it can carry out numerous social, economic, cultural and diplomatic functions and has made a lot of change in countries. As a result, sports and sport activities have gone beyond physical activity or entertainment, and have achieved various social, cultural, economic, political and international goals and functions. Analysis of theories and research found that among the various phenomena, football as one of the examples of relations between countries has been able to place a special place among the programs of developing countries to express their own society demands to the world. The political, social, economic, and cultural functions of football, and its effects and effects on the level of interactions between states and others, international actors, have the potential to be theorized and conceptualized. Based on the findings of this study, the specifics and functions of football Diplomacy can be seen as strengthening national identity as a means of development, peace and reconciliation tools, a tool for altruism and improving relations, a soft power tool, a ٣ ٠ tool for convergence and dialogue in the national and international dimension of countries. This article is based on descriptive-analytical method and the method of data collection is based on documentary and library and comparative study.

Today the role of sports and physical activities are going beyond an exercise or a kind of entertainment, and has various health, social, cultural, economic, and most importantly political and international functions. The widely spread around the world; sport has become as an international instrument in international relations. The internationalization of some kind of sports has led many countries to see international sports competition as a field to advance their national interests and political goals. In this context, the concept of sports Diplomacy beside other types of Diplomacy has emerged. This paper investigates the role of sports in particular, major international sporting events in advancing countries’ diplomatic goals.

The miracle of the Holy Qur'an has several aspects; one of them is the Legislative miracle; which means that, God's challenge on the Qur'an also includes the Legislative system (knowledge related to beliefs and rulings). This aspect of the miracle of the Qur'an has not been discussed like any other aspects of the Qur'anic miracle extensively. This study seeks to prove the miracle of the Qur'an in the aspect of legislation, which has been argued in an analytical and attributive method to the comprehensiveness, and scope of the Qur'anic teachings and rulings and the power to adapt to the requirements of time through keeping the principles and rules descended to the Prophet. A third idea has been put forward in explaining the Qur'an's comprehensiveness, by expressing the view of absolute comprehensiveness in relation to all divine and human sciences and the comprehensiveness in matters of human guidance and that is, the purpose of the comprehensiveness of the Qur'an is to express the principles and rules that make human beings achieve various sciences. To prove the third view, the Qur'anic and narrative evidence as well as the study of the scope of Qur'anic verses are considered. At the same time, the secret of conformity of the Qur'anic legislations to the requirements of time is explained by the five principles (conformity with nature, the expression of general and lasting principles, secondary titles, the authority of the Prophet and the Fourteen Infallibles' tradition, and the principle of ijtihad). The result is that these guidance teachings have only come from God, because the ordinary human cannot express his view without connecting to revelation (Wahy) in various aspects of the religious teachings in the general context from the beginning to the end of the world and by applying different ways of reasoning to the Afaq and Anfus verses. At the same time, in the legal and ethical rulings, the human must be the creator of the teachings, which are comprehensive, epidemic, and applicable to the requirements of all times.

Since 1990s, the world has witnessed the growing presence of China on the economic, political and security scenes. The vast range of China’s economic interests has inevitably tie the Chinese state to the global political and security issues, and as a result, its authorities have abandoned their traditional and Maoist thoughts, adopted a pragmatist approach to global affairs, and thus have sought to establish wider interactions with the international system by all means and methods including defence Diplomacy. Given the importance of this issue and future prospects of the rise of China as a major global power in the coming decades, this article will try to elucidate the concept of defence Diplomacy and then examine its place, forms and potential trends in the Chinese macro foreign policy orientation. Subsequently, China’s military relations with the United States, Russia, and other great powers as well as with its neighbouring regions including the Islamic Republic of Iran will be considered, and at the end significant characteristics of Chinese defence Diplomacy will be outlined and recapped.

Defence Diplomacy is one of those elements that play a decisive role in the general defence policy of countries. Having changed their defence policies from deterrence and territorial defence to participatory/collaborative and collective security, European states have enhanced the application of defence strategies in their foreign policy-making. Thus the object of European defence Diplomacy consists in the use of democratic military forces to manage crises and resolve conflicts. This writing will endeavour at first to provide a theoretical explanation of defence Diplomacy and examine the practical measures and functional aspects of European defence Diplomacy during the 1990s, with special emphasis on the four categories of mutual military relations, reinvigoration of democratic processes, augmentation of the ability to act reciprocally, and provision of support for unchangeable security objectives. It will then consider the post-9/11 security threats and the resultant change in Europe’s security strategy from collaborative regional security to collaborative trans-regional security, and eventually will explore the European defence Diplomacy in terms of NATO’s activities and EU “Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)” in Afghanistan and Iraq.